CKKS Multiplication Fault Analysis
Arxiv
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2026-08-01T00:00:00
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Abstract
Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a privacypreserving encryption paradigm that enables computation directly on encrypted data without requiring decryption. In this paper, we study errors in fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) computations, with a particular focus on server-side homomorphic multiplication in the unoptimized CKKS (CheonKimKim Song) scheme. We show that both the timing and the location of errors in the ciphertext components $c_0$ and $c_1$ have a significant impact on the correctness of the final FHE output.
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