Vulnerability Intelligence Report

Improper Certificate-Based Authentication Enforcement in Multiple WSO2 Products

CVE-2025-9312

A missing authentication enforcement vulnerability exists in the mutual TLS (mTLS) implementation used by System REST APIs and SOAP services in multiple WSO2 products. Due to improper validation of client certificate–based authentication in certain default configurations, the affected components may permit unauthenticated requests even when mTLS is enabled. This condition occurs when relying on the default mTLS settings for System REST APIs or when the mTLS authenticator is enabled for SOAP services, causing these interfaces to accept requests without enforcing additional authentication. Successful exploitation allows a malicious actor with network access to the affected endpoints to gain administrative privileges and perform unauthorized operations. The vulnerability is exploitable only when the impacted mTLS flows are enabled and accessible in a given deployment. Other certificate-based authentication mechanisms such as Mutual TLS OAuth client authentication and X.509 login flows are not affected, and APIs served through the API Gateway of WSO2 API Manager remain unaffected.

No Active Exploit Signals

CVSS Base Score

9.8

CRITICAL

Exploitability:3.9

Impact Score:5.9

EPSS Probability:0.22%

Executive Threat Verdict

Evaluating...

Evaluating Threat Landscape...

Assessing known weaponization, exploitation telemetry, and federal advisories.

Attack Surface

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Authentication

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Weaponization

—

SSVC Action

—

Weaknesses (CWE)

CWE-306 ↗CWE-306 Missing Authentication for Critical Function

Affected Products & Versions

Vendor	Product	Affected Versions
WSO2	WSO2 API Manager	0 < 2.2.0 (unknown), 2.2.0 < 2.2.0.58 (affected), 2.5.0 < 2.5.0.84 (affected), 2.6.0 < 2.6.0.145 (affected), 3.0.0 < 3.0.0.175 (affected), 3.1.0 < 3.1.0.339 (affected), 3.2.0 < 3.2.0.439 (affected), 3.2.1 < 3.2.1.59 (affected), 4.0.0 < 4.0.0.359 (affected), 4.1.0 < 4.1.0.222 (affected), 4.2.0 < 4.2.0.161 (affected), 4.3.0 < 4.3.0.73 (affected), 4.4.0 < 4.4.0.37 (affected), 4.5.0 < 4.5.0.21 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 API Control Plane	4.5.0 < 4.5.0.22 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 Traffic Manager	4.5.0 < 4.5.0.20 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 Universal Gateway	4.5.0 < 4.5.0.20 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 Identity Server as Key Manager	0 < 5.3.0 (unknown), 5.3.0 < 5.3.0.39 (affected), 5.5.0 < 5.5.0.52 (affected), 5.6.0 < 5.6.0.74 (affected), 5.7.0 < 5.7.0.124 (affected), 5.9.0 < 5.9.0.175 (affected), 5.10.0 < 5.10.0.358 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 Identity Server	0 < 5.2.0 (unknown), 5.2.0 < 5.2.0.33 (affected), 5.3.0 < 5.3.0.34 (affected), 5.4.0 < 5.4.0.33 (affected), 5.4.1 < 5.4.1.37 (affected), 5.5.0 < 5.5.0.51 (affected), 5.6.0 < 5.6.0.59 (affected), 5.7.0 < 5.7.0.125 (affected), 5.8.0 < 5.8.0.109 (affected), 5.9.0 < 5.9.0.168 (affected), 5.10.0 < 5.10.0.368 (affected), 5.11.0 < 5.11.0.411 (affected), 6.0.0 < 6.0.0.243 (affected), 6.1.0 < 6.1.0.241 (affected), 7.0.0 < 7.0.0.116 (affected), 7.1.0 < 7.1.0.23 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 Open Banking KM	0 < 1.4.0 (unknown), 1.4.0 < 1.4.0.132 (affected), 1.5.0 < 1.5.0.122 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 Open Banking AM	0 < 1.4.0 (unknown), 1.4.0 < 1.4.0.138 (affected), 1.5.0 < 1.5.0.139 (affected), 2.0.0 < 2.0.0.388 (affected)
WSO2	WSO2 Open Banking IAM	2.0.0 < 2.0.0.408 (affected)
WSO2	org.wso2.carbon.identity.auth.service	1.1.1 < 1.1.1.2 (affected), 1.1.16 < 1.1.16.3 (affected), 1.1.18 < 1.1.18.4 (affected), 1.1.20 < 1.1.20.5 (affected), 1.1.26 < 1.1.26.7 (affected), 1.3.6 < 1.3.6.8 (affected), 1.4.0 < 1.4.0.18 (affected), 1.4.25 < 1.4.25.24 (affected), 1.4.52 < 1.4.52.4 (affected), 1.6.1 < 1.6.1.11 (affected), 1.7.1 < 1.7.1.4 (affected), 1.8.11 < 1.8.11.6 (affected), 1.8.41 < 1.8.41.2 (affected), 1.9.4 < 1.9.4.4 (affected), 1.9.18 < 1.9.18.2 (affected), 5.5.2 <= 5.5.2.* (unaffected)

Exploitation & Remediation

References & Technical Advisories

NVD Listing ↗ MITRE Listing ↗ GitHub Advisory ↗

No reference links found.

Threat Intelligence Signals

EPSS Score

0.222%

GitHub Advisory

GHSA-wrx7-mg98-47qj ↗

CVSS Vector Breakdown

Attack Vector

Attack Complexity

Privileges Required

User Interaction

Confidentiality

Integrity

Availability

Identity & Timeline

Status	PUBLISHED
Assigning Authority	WSO2 LLC · Vendor · USA
Reserved	2025-08-21T07:28:14
Published	2025-11-18T12:05:22
Last Updated	2025-11-18T17:38:15

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Tactics

Techniques

CVE-2025-9312

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Public Weaponization & Exploit Code Exploit-DB Catalog

Weaknesses (CWE)

Affected Products & Versions

Exploitation & Remediation

References & Technical Advisories

Threat Intelligence Signals

CVSS Vector Breakdown

Identity & Timeline

SSVC Prioritization

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

CVE-2025-9312

—

Public Weaponization & Exploit Code Exploit-DB Catalog

Weaknesses (CWE)

Affected Products & Versions

Exploitation & Remediation

References & Technical Advisories

Threat Intelligence Signals

CVSS Vector Breakdown

Identity & Timeline

SSVC Prioritization

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Community Chatter & Buzz

Related Intelligence

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